Security Guard Use of Force in Canada: Lessons from the Calgary Co-Op Arrest

A recent incident at a Brentwood Co-Op grocery store in Calgary has reignited public debate around the use of force by security guards in Canada, citizen’s arrest laws, and how public perception can influence security industry policies. A video circulating online—showing a security guard forcefully detaining an alleged shoplifter—sparked controversy, with witnesses describing the arrest as “aggressive” and even comparing it to a WWE takedown.

This incident, which occurred around February 28, 2025, raises important questions about the legal responsibilities of security guards, their authority to arrest, and how much force is appropriate in these situations. Though no charges have been laid against the security guard, the public response highlights a growing tension between protecting property and maintaining public trust.

Legal Authority of Security Guards in Canada

Citizen’s Arrest Powers under Section 494

Under Section 494 of the Criminal Code of Canada, private citizens—including security guards—have limited powers of arrest. A legal citizen’s arrest can be made if:

A criminal offence is witnessed firsthand;
The person arresting is the owner or authorized representative of the property and witnesses a crime such as theft;
The arrest occurs at the time of the offence or shortly afterward, and it’s not feasible for police to respond immediately.

Anyone arrested must be handed over to law enforcement without delay.

For retail security guards and loss prevention professionals, this means the arrest must be based on continuous observation of a theft in progress. If the guard doesn’t witness the entire act, detaining someone could lead to serious legal consequences, including charges for assault or unlawful confinement.

Use of Force by Security Guards in Canada

Legal Framework: Section 25 of the Criminal Code

Security guards are classified as private citizens and must act within their legal boundaries. Section 25 of the Criminal Code allows a person acting under lawful authority to use only as much force as necessary to carry out their duties.

Proportionality and Reasonable Force

The key principle is proportionality: any force used must be the minimum required to achieve the lawful objective. Excessive or unnecessary force can lead to:

Criminal charges
Civil liability
Termination of employment

Examples:

A compliant shoplifter should be managed using verbal communication.
A fleeing or combative suspect may justify physical restraint—but not violence that exceeds what’s needed to detain them.
Handcuffs should be used only when there are safety concerns or active resistance.

In the Calgary Co-Op incident, it’s the perceived level of force—not necessarily its legality—that has fueled public criticism. Public perception matters, even when an action is technically lawful.

Understanding the Role of Loss Prevention Professionals (LPPs)

Loss prevention officers play a vital role in retail by:

Monitoring stores to deter theft
Gathering evidence before detaining suspects
Making lawful arrests based on continuous observation
Ensuring safety for customers, staff, and themselves

However, even with legal powers, LPPs are expected to prioritize de-escalation and communication over physical confrontation. Using verbal techniques can prevent conflict and protect all parties involved.

Best Practices for Retail Security and Loss Prevention

To stay compliant and avoid public backlash, follow these best practices:

Use the six-step observation model: approach, selection, concealment, continuous observation, passing point of sale, and exiting the store.
Start with verbal communication before considering physical force.
Use non-threatening body language to de-escalate tensions.
Document every incident thoroughly with detailed notes and reports.

Why Public Perception Matters More Than Ever

The Calgary Co-Op case shows how quickly an incident can become viral. A single smartphone video can transform a routine arrest into a PR disaster, impacting both the security guard’s career and the employer’s reputation.

Real-World Consequences of Public Perception

Companies may choose to terminate employees even if they acted lawfully.
Increased public scrutiny may lead to stricter corporate policies banning force entirely.
Security guards risk losing future employment opportunities if associated with viral or controversial incidents.

Key takeaway: Always assume you’re being recorded. Make decisions not only based on legality but also on how your actions will appear to the public.

The Risks Faced by Security Guards in Canada

Legal Risks

Allegations of unlawful arrest or excessive force
Potential criminal charges
Civil lawsuits from detainees

Physical Safety Risks

Resisting suspects may become violent
Risk of encountering weapons
Potential retaliation outside of work

Reputational Risks

Viral videos can lead to negative media exposure
Loss of job or contract due to public outcry
Damage to the company’s image

Balancing legal, physical, and reputational risks requires professionalism, strong training, and sound decision-making.

How to Protect Yourself as a Security Guard

Know your legal limits and rights
Only use force when absolutely necessary
Always aim for voluntary compliance
Stay calm, respectful, and professional—even under pressure
Consider how your actions will be perceived by bystanders and cameras

Final Thoughts: What We Can Learn from the Calgary Co-Op Arrest

While the full details of the Calgary Co-Op incident remain unclear, it provides valuable insights:

Security guards must understand and operate within legal boundaries
Strong communication and de-escalation skills are crucial to minimize physical intervention
Public opinion can shape policies, affect careers, and alter the security landscape

Ongoing Training Is Key to Success

If you work in security or loss prevention, staying informed and trained is essential. We offer affordable online courses in:

Loss Prevention
Use of Force
Verbal De-escalation

Complete them at your own pace and stay confident in your role.

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